What Parents Look at When Choosing a Public/Private School...

What Parents Look at When Choosing a Public/Private School Education is an institution that parents want to control as a way to insure/provide their children with the best education possible. Parent control/choice has slowly regressed from the colonial era where they could choose not only the school their child attended but also the textbooks used and the curriculum taught (McDonald 2001). Parents still obtain the right to choose the school that best tailors their child’s special uniqueness and educational needs, but due to social diversities and expansions parents have many factors that they now must take into consideration before choosing the best kind of school for their child (Russell 2001). Complexity, diversity, and financial†¦show more content†¦Some questions parents want answered is if the schools provide buses, does each student have to provide his/her own means of transportation, or does the school provide student housing. All of these scenarios can complicate a parent’s decision for their child’s schooling drastically. A factor that helps out with this decision would be if the classes provided at one school were proven to be overtly more academically challenging/more appealing to the other. Some factors parents look at is what school has a bigger array of classes. Such choices would be either that one school has four levels of English, or many different kinds of classes. Some unique courses, which aren’t usually found in a traditional school setting, could be classes like sign language or kick line (Johnston 2001). Next parents sometimes look at the types of teachers that will be teaching these classes, how long the teacher has been teaching at that school, what teaching style is used (visual, oral, both), what the communities opinion of this teacher is, and does the school allow parents to request/choose their child’s teacher (Elliot 2001; Smith 2001). Along with such complexities as staff quality parents also look at how complex class scheduling is. Such scheduling differences can be block, alternating day, or a consistent daily schedule. Block scheduling is when each semester is broke into time frames (blocks) where certain classesShow MoreRelatedSchool Schools Vs. Public Schools1311 Words   |  6 PagesParents worry about where they are going to send their kids to school. There is a big debate among parents in choosing where to send their children to school. People want to give their child the best education. The two major style of schooling is public and private schools. Public schools are schools that are set up and run by the government. Private schools are schools that are privately owned and are not controlled by the government. Both schools have positive and negative aspects. There are manyRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Private School Education Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pages There’s nothing a parent wants more for their child than to get a great education. The main thing they have to decide is if they want their child to go to public or private school. Another thing to consider is, which type of school will provide the best education for their child. However, only some families have this choice, and others don’t. Families that aren’t financially stable might not be able to afford a private school education, even if that’s what they would prefer for their children.Read MoreDifferences Between Public And Private Schools1247 Words   |  5 Pages When it comes to the important decision of selecting a school for their children, there are many factors a family needs to evaluate. One of the many factors facing today’s families are looking for the right school and which type would better meet the needs of their child, a private or public school. Some of the questions parents may ask themselves during this process are: What a re the differences between public and private schools? Will it make an extensive difference in my child’s education? WhichRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools878 Words   |  4 PagesEducation is an essential need for living in today’s society. A school is an organization where students are provided information and skill that will be useful in their future. Picking the best school for them is crucial. One problem that people need to experience is choosing where to send their children to class; private or public. There are many differences of public and private schools such as, environment, cost, and education. Everybody needs to get the proper learning experience that they needRead More The Public Choice Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesThe Public Choice For some parents, deciding on a school for their children can be a difficult decision. Many parents do not spend much time thinking about it; they place their children into the local school designated by where they live. Others attended a private school themselves and found that it was a beneficial experience and therefore want the same for their kids. But which is better: private schools or public schools? While there are many advantages and disadvantages in each (nothingRead MoreSchool Uniforms Persuasive Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesUniform Adoption in Public Schools Ever wonder what it would look like to have all students wearing the same white polo shirt, black pants, and a district sweater walking in the hallway? Nowadays, public school and many districts are discussing the possibilities of enforcing the uniform policy. In most places, many private schools already require students to have their mandatory uniforms; however, there are only a few public schools adopting this mandatory school-uniform polices as oneRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthat private school is more expensive than public school, but has it ever occurred to you why it is like this? Private schools are not just trying to take your money, they are just trying to provide a quality education, without the government funding that public schools get. The tuition money goes to very important things; high quality teachers, better resources and the overall quality and stability of the institution. It is true that private school tuiti on is expensive, but private schools haveRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Uniform Adoption in Public Schools1278 Words   |  6 Pages Ever wonder what it would look like to have all students wearing the same white polo shirt, black pants, and a district sweater walking in the hallway? Nowadays, public school and many districts are discussing the possibilities of enforcing the uniform policy. In most places, many private schools already require students to have their mandatory uniforms; however, there are only a few public schools adopting this mandatory school-uniform polices as one of their enrollment requirements. The reasonRead MorePublic Schools vs. Private Schools1027 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing said there are things to consider before choosing to send your child to a public school or private school. Perhaps doing so would be much easier if you would take the time to research the differences between the two. Public schools are better than private schools because of the diversity, funding and extracurricular activities available. Eileen Gale Kugler, a national advocate for diverse schools, wrote an article about how the diversity in schools makes academic and social improvements. SheRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Schools Uniforms1211 Words   |  5 PagesSchool uniforms began their revolution in private schools; they represented a unique appearance, and provided a safe environment for the students attending. Private and Catholic schools were clever enough for implementing school uniforms, because without their influence public schools would have not adapted on creating a dress code for students. By introducing school uniforms in school policies they have managed to impact students learning environment in reducing stress, changing students’ behavior

Noble Love in The Birthmark Essay - 1710 Words

Noble Love in The Birthmark Often billed as a story of an unsuccessful attempt to beat Nature at her own game, â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne certainly lends itself to a somewhat deeper interpretation. Over the years many scholars have noted that the story of Aylmer and Georgiana is riddled with traditional Hawthorne themes such as the evils of selfishness and pride, coupled with an element of solitariness (Arvin xvi). However, we are want to consider whether Aylmer’s motives in this story are purely selfish. Does this man perhaps deserve a touch of human sympathy? With blazingly obvious symbolism, clearly defined by the author himself, the reader can choose to take the tale for what it seems to be, a purely†¦show more content†¦Immediately we are warned that this love will survive only if it can be â€Å"intertwined†¦with his love of science† (148). This issue presents itself almost immediately after Georgiana and Aylmer are married, when the former discovers that Nature has left his near-perfect wife with a tiny blemish on her ivory cheek; the small imprint of a hand. Of this Robert H. Fossum writes: â€Å"Like Eve entering the Garden, Georgiana has brought love and human warmth into Aylmer’s cold and lonely laboratory†¦she has brought the blemish of her birthmark†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fossum 78). When asked about how she herself views her mark, Georgiana replies as one who has not given the subject much thought: â€Å"To tell the truth is has been so often called a charm that I was simple enough to imagine it so.† (148) In fact, when first love is mentioned it is only a few lines later when Georgiana responds to Aylmer â€Å"†¦you cannot love what shocks you!† Hurt and surprised, she equates, (quite accurately), Aylmer’s ability to love her with his need to see her sans birthmark. It is after this first confrontation that as the reader struggles to understand Aylmer’s motives, Georgiana gradually moves towards seeing her mark in much the same as light as her beloved husband. When first she entered Aylmer’s home, Georgiana was almost a child, both intellectually and morally. Now, as she learns how deep Aylmer’s thoughts go when concerned with the tiny hand, she begins to grow towards aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Birthmark 905 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nathaniel Hawthorn story â€Å"The Birthmark† is a about a scientist who strives to fix the imperfections of human nature. Not only does he kill his wife during the process, his attempt to have any control over human nature dies as well. This story is ironic in the way Hawthorne uses his symbolism in his characters to portray. Judith Fetterley says, The Birthmark demonstrates the consequences to women of being trapped in the laboratory of man s mind, the obj ect of unrelenting scrutiny, examinationRead MoreThe Legend Of Founding Of The Kingdom Of Asterialune1174 Words   |  5 Pagescelestial gave birth to fraternal twins. Two of them have symbolic birthmarks. Symbolizing the day and the night. The first-born was a girl with a quarter silver sand color hair that glistens like the moon and dark purple eyes like the shade of the night sky. Her blue birthmark was on her right shoulder, a crescent of a moon. The other girl has her hair the shades of the sunlight and eyes like a pink tourmaline gem. The yellow birthmark was on her left shoulder, a crescent of a sun. They’re most of theirRead MoreArchetypes in Frankenstien and the Birthmark2001 Words   |  9 Pageshas become a classic archetype. The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne, follows this archetype. Although The Birthmark and Frankenstein are not identical both stories have similar archetypal characters and share similar themes of abused power and redemption. The Frankenstein archetype requires three types of characters: a obsessive, mad scientist, a pure kind feminine presents and a monster, both sympathetic and ruthless. Although the characters from the birthmark are not carbon copies of the charactersRead MoreSiddhartha Gautama s Life And Spiritual Religion1467 Words   |  6 PagesIt was a miracle birth. The Hindu gods and godless came and blessed the child, and they took him from the side of the queen (â€Å"About Buddha.†). The baby stood up right after the delivery and he walked seven steps into four directions. He had the birthmark of a wheel or chakra at the bottom of his feet. Queen May died seven days after of Siddhartha’ birth. After that, Siddhartha was taken care by his mother’s sister. As the practice of all near East civilization, the king invited the fortuneteller-Read MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Sula 1906 Words   |  8 PagesSula is written by Noble Prize winner in Literature, Toni Morrison. Morrison’s novels are known for their epic themes, dramatic dialogue, and opulently detailed characters. This novel contains originality and overflows with problematic situations that take place during the time after World War I. Sula opens up in a town called Bottom, which is mostly occupied by African Americans. This town is positioned, in the hills above the mostly white, wealthier community of Medallion, Ohio. This town hasRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagessnouts toward the rim of the hills, the planes raked the underbrush with gunfire. †¢ ..and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. -Abraham Lincoln 11. aubade: a poem about dawn; a morning love-song; or a poem about the parting of lovers at dawn 12. ballad: a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. Usually narrator begins with a climactic or traumatic episode, tells the story tersely by means of action and dialogue and tells it without

Product Mix Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Operating in over 50 countries with more than 100,000 people, Johnson Johnson USA has been ranked 4 times in the â€Å"Fortune Top 10† list of the most admired companies in the US. Johnson Johnson (JJ) India, a subsidiary of Johnson Johnson USA, is one of the leading players in the Indian pharmaceutical and consumer products business. It has employee strength of over 1,800. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Mix or any similar topic only for you Order Now It started business in India in 1947 in Bombay with Johnson’s Baby Powder, and, over time, introduced other products like toothbrushes, Johnson’s Baby Cream and Prickly Heat Powder. Briefing about this world class company, we can have a glimpse on the following points:†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Global Manufacturer of Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Products and Medical Devices. Listed in Fortune 500 Companies Ranked 1st among 50 top Pharmaceutical companies 230 subsidiary companies with operations in over 57 countries. Well-known consumer products are the BAND-AID Brand line of bandages, Tylenol Medications , JOHNSON’S BABY Products Produced its first products in 1886 Incorporated in 1887 ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON served as the first President of the company. In 1910,JAMES WOOD JOHNSON succeeded him as President. William C. Weldon is the President (since 2002 Onwards) The other key Members of the company are:†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ William C. Weldon:- Chairman ,Board of Directors; Chairman ,Executive Committee; Chief Executive Officer †¢ †¢ Christine A. Poon:- Vice-Chairman ,Board of Directors; Member ,Executive Committee Dominic J. Caruso: – Member, Executive Committee; Vice President, Finance; Chief Financial Officer. COMPANY STRUCTURE †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Based on the principle of Decentralized Management. Executive Committee is the principal management group. Committee is responsible for the operations and allocation of the resources. Oversees and coordinates the activities of the three segments. Each subsidiary within the business segments is, with some exceptions, managed by citizens of the country where it is located. SUBSIDIARY HOLDINGS Johnson Johnson is a highly diversified company with at least 230 subsidiaries, which it refers to as the â€Å"Johnson Johnson Family of Companies†. Some of these subsidiaries include: †¢ †¢ †¢ ALZA Corporation Baby Center, L. L. C. Johnson Johnson, Group of Consumer Companies, Inc. Johnson Johnson Health Care Systems Inc. Johnson Johnson – Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co. Johnson Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Development, L. L. C. Pfizer Consumer †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ J in INDIA †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Spread its roots in India during 1947. It was Mr. Patrick Whaley who set the foundation. Launched Johnson’s Baby cream and Prickly Powder. Product like bellodomma, pharmaceutical tapes were imported from the parent company. In Sep. 957, a new company Johnson Johnson India Ltd. was created and registered. Recently this company celebrated its 50 years in India. †¢ SEGMENTS OF BUSINESS Johnson Johnson is organized into three business segments:†¢ †¢ †¢ Consumer Pharmaceutical Medical Devices and Diagnostics Consumer J manufactures and markets a broad range of products used in the fields like:†¢ †¢ à ¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Baby and Child Care Skin Care Oral and Wound Care Women’s Health Care Nutritional and Over-the-counter Pharmaceutical Products MAJOR BRANDS Some of the major Brands of J are:†¢ †¢ AVEENO (Skin Care Products) BAND-AID (Brand Adhesive Bandages) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ CLEAN CLEAR (Teen Skin Care Products) JOHNSON’S BABY (Baby Products) NEUTROGENA (Skin and Hair Care Products) REMBRANDT (Brand of Oral Care Products) SPLENDA (No Calorie Sweetener) PRODUCT PORTFOLIO PRODUCT MIX J is known not only for the quality service types of products but also for the variety range of products. It has a huge list of Product Lines with enormous depth in each line. It also has a tremendous width depth in its Product Mix. Its Product Lines are in the following segments:? Baby Child Care ? Skin Care ? Oral and Wound Care ? Women’s Health Care ? Nutritional and Over-the-counter ? Pharmaceutical Products ? Medical Devices and Equipment. Some of the Products in the Product Line of Baby Child Care are as:0 Baby Hair Oil 0 Baby Soap 0 Baby Cream 0 Baby Body Lotion 0 Baby Massage Oil 0 Baby Powder 0 Baby Nappy Pads 0 Baby Shampoo J has done the Brand Line extension in the products like Hair Oil, Soap, Cream, Massage Oil, Powder Shampoo by launching these products in various fragrance colours. In today’s changing times, where people have become more conscious towards their health thus moving towards natural products, they prefer using J products over other Brands. J has captured the customers by Positioning itself as a Company providing Natural products devoid of chemicals. Thus its graph of Customer Confidence Index is high as compared to other Brands. Not only the Kids New Born, but also the teenagers upper age group customers have been the Target of J. It has its products flowing for every age group in every segment. Some of the products in the product line of Skin Care are:0 0 Aveeno (Brand for Skin Care Products) Clean Clear face wash 0 Clean Clear Cream 0 Clean Clear Cleansing Milk 0 Neutrogena (Brand for Skin Hair Care products) 0 Body Lotion etc. J also has its Oral Care products by the name Rembrandt. It also has its No Calorie Sweetener by the name Splenda. Product Line Length of J in Pharmaceuticals is huge. The products are for various Therapeutic uses such as:0 Anti Fungal 0 Anti-Infective 0 Cardiovascular 0 Contraceptive 0 Dermatology 0 Gastrointestinal and many more†¦ Band-Aid is one of the most popular pharmaceutical products of J. Product Line of J in Medical Devices Equipments is also quiet impressive. 0 0 It includes a broad range of products distributed to Wholesalers, Hospitals Retailers. Used principally in the professional fields by Physicians, Nurses, Therapists, Hospitals, Diagnostic Laboratories and Clinics. Products include Cordis’ circulatory disease management products, DePuy’s orthopedic joint reconstruction and spinal care products. Vistakon’s ACUVUE Disposable Contact Lens. One Touch Brand Blood Glucose Meters from LifeScan, Inc. P. F. C. Sigma Knee System from DePuy, Inc. 0 0 0 0 JJ also has several women’s Health Care products. Thus JJ has segmented the market in a way so as to target Kids, Teenagers, Women also people those are conscious about Natural products. It has strongly covered the market by diversifying itself into Pharmaceuticals Manufacturer of Medical Equipments devices. MILESTONES †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1989: Introduced the first test kit for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis C. 1996: Introduced the first test kit to screen blood for antigens to HIV-1, the virus that is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases in the U. S. 997: Introduced the first fully automated blood banking system in Europe. 1999: Introduced the first fully automated blood and plasma screening system. 2000: Introduced the first blood screening kit for HCV antigen. AWARDS RECOGNISATION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ In the year 2005 JJ was recognized by National Safety Council for the excellence in environmental, health and safety ma nagement. In the year 2006 Working Mother Magazine named JJ in best 100 places to work for mother. Fortune magazine ranked JJ in 9th position in over all industry and also listed it in the America most admired companies in 2006. In the year 2007 JJ receive the Spark Award for the new packing and advertising campaign. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY †¢ †¢ †¢ Centre of Health, Environment and Justice AND JJ launched PVC consumer campaigns. Developed a PVC phase out policy in June 2007 Signed the Compact for Safe Cosmetics. A pledge to make safe products. Eco-Friendly Endeavour’s 0 0 Reached a settlement with the U. S. govt. in December 2006. Installed a â€Å"ZERO† discharge cooling tower water treatment system. Help-age 0 0 0 Donated to TSUNAMI relief efforts in Asia. Gave $10 million to September 11 , 2001 victims. Working to reduce its green house gas emissions. Environmental Policy 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integrating Environmental goals. Striving for ZERO WASTE. 100% resource efficiency. Enhancement of environment. Utilizing innovative technologies. Fostering ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS. CREDO 0 0 0 0 0 0 Our first responsibility – doctors, nurses, mothers, fathers, consumers. Everything of high quality. Constantly strive to reduce costs. Customers’ orders -serviced properly. Suppliers distributors – make profit. Envt. is the ultimate human health issue. FUTURE PLANS JJ Corporation has a very good perception of India. This has been supported by good results in the country. The outlook is bullish, and is supported by a high level of confidence in the Indian management team and more investments likely in the coming years. Double-digit growth is forecast for the India operations. India would be a key growth driver for JJ worldwide. JJ is also exploring the opportunities for setting up BPO operations in the country. How to cite Product Mix, Essay examples

Discuss Evolution of Motivation free essay sample

In response, a series of theories were explored to in areas of job satisfaction and motivation. In consideration in ways in which motivation might make individuals more effective, both theory and empirical studies will be discussed. In the next section, first an account of traditional models will be presented and then following an account of contemporary models will be presented. Early theories of motivation started to be studied during the 1950’s and 60’s, and it was this period that saw four key theories formulate to provide explanations of motivation. These include the Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Maslow, 1954), Theory X and Theory Y (McGregor, 1960), the Two Factor Theory (Herzberg, 1966) and McClelland’s Theory of Needs (McClelland, 1961). To begin with, in 1954, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory hypothesised that within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs. These include: Physiological (at the bottom), Safety, Social, Esteem and Self-actualisation (at the top). He believed that as each need becomes substantially satisfied, the next need above in the hierarchy would then become the dominant need. It seems that because of the simplicity of Maslow’s theory and, in fact, the intuitive logic that the theory presents, it has remained popular in organisations. It has, however, attracted much criticism on the basis that there is very little evidence to support theories such as, that unsatisfied needs motivate, or that a satisfied need activates a new level of need. In 1960, McGregor suggested two distinct views of human beings, Theory X (Negative) and Theory Y (Positive). These allocated two assumptions. Theory X assumed that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility and must be coerced to perform. In contrast, Theory Y assumed that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility and can exercise self-direction. From his findings he believed that Theory Y was more valid than Theory X and suggested ideas such as participative decision making and challenging jobs to maximise an employee’s job motivation. Much like Maslow’s theory, unfortunately McGregor too lacks any empirical evidence to support his theories and hence there is no confirmation that by following his view to accept Theory Y and altering actions to comply with it, would be lead to more motivated workers. Then, in 1966, Herzberg proposed his Two Factor Theory, also widely known as the Motivation-Hygiene Theory. The theory relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Herzberg therefore recommended job enrichment which would be created through greater freedom and independence. Indeed Herzberg’s theory stimulated much more research in the time that followed, however again, it is apparent that the theory is ultimately flawed for several reasons. In 1961, of the all of traditional theories, it was McClelland’s Theory of Needs that had the best research support, and stated that achievement, power and affiliation are three important needs to help explain motivation. The research has been mainly focused on the need for achievement and consistent results show that people with high achievement need are interested in how well they do personally and not in influencing others to do well. McClelland’s, however, argued that the three needs are subconscious meaning that measuring such data is not easy. In order to measure the needs of individuals is, in fact, time consuming and expensive and therefore many organisations have not invested in measuring McClelland’s theory. It is clear that, for the most part, the issue with the traditional theories is that evidence to back up the theories is in short supply and it therefore becomes an idea without much credibility to back it up. There are a number of contemporary theories that, unlike the traditional theories, have some valid supporting documentation, and the following section will consist of these ideas. Firstly, the Cognitive Evaluation Theory states that allocating extrinsic rewards for behaviour that had previously been intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation. Ryan et al. (1983) looked at 96 college students and tested them on working out puzzle-solving activities where various reward conditions were in effect where that supplying rewards undermined the intrinsic motivation of the subjects. This particular study mentioned does well to back up much of the research that has been conducted and draws similar conclusions, although it can be said that the small sample is questionable, and indeed the type of sample, ie students, does not reflect that of the real world. In the grander scheme of research provided on this subject, however, it is widely accepted that providing challenging goals will lead to higher productivity. That said, the theory does not consider absenteeism, turnover or satisfaction. Reinforcement Theory (Skinner, 1961) says that behaviour is a function of its consequences meaning that the reinforcement forms the behaviour. This theory addresses some of the issues that were not considered in the previous study, e. g. absenteeism, however it does not deal with issues including employee satisfaction or the decision to quit, and surely these are things to keep in mind when thinking of a motivated employee. It could be that positive results come from reinforcement theory and yet satisfaction, and hence motivation have are negatively affected. Equity Theory says that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities. When keeping employees motivated, it is important for managers to consider the model of organisational justice that provides explanation on what an employee may consider when comparing their job income-output ratio. Distributive Justice (perceived fairness f outcome), Procedural Justice (perceived fairness of process used to determine outcome) and Interactional Justice (perceived way of being treated) combine to create Organisational Justice (overall perception of fairness in the workplace). It seems that in order to achieve high satisfaction and motivational levels by applying Equity theory, an organisation and the management within need to be as transparent and honest with their staff as possible while showing no bias towards individuals. Finally Vroom’s Expectancy Theory (1964) says that employees will be motivated to exert high levels of effort when they believe that the effort will lead to organisational rewards such as bonuses, salary increases, promotions etc. The theory focuses on three relationships that include effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship and rewards-personal goals relationship. While Expectancy theory has valid points associating behaviours that people consider expected outcomes, few people perceive a high correlation between performance and rewards and therefore the theory becomes idealistic. It is believed by the theory that companies should reward individuals for performance; however in reality managers are restricted to organisation criteria that takes into account other factors such as seniority, effort and job difficulty. In conclusion, the evolution of motivational theory has gone from a period of traditional theories that were largely unproven or too expensive and time consuming to consider adequate research, to a plethora of empirical studies that, while still open to criticism, have contributed to the widely accepted contemporary theories that I have previously mentioned. While individually, it can be said that each of the contemporary theories focuses on a specific area of research, and hence does not consider certain areas of interest. But by combining all of the theories in order to insert resolved problems from one theory to address an unresolved from another, it begins to create a much more solid theory in itself.

Elmer Kelton Essays - Kelton, Elmer, Civilization,

Elmer Kelton In Elmer Keltons Politically Correct or Historically Correct he mentions about the way people see and describe historical events. Some people can describe an event completly diffrent then how another person is describing it simply because it was seen in a different way then the other person. In fact, it could even be because one of the people is describing or telling the event the way it was told to him by someone else or simply because it is the way that he wants to interpret that event. Many of the people that write about historical events have a tendency to leave the bad side of it and always talke about the good side of things. Most of the historical books where written by men, or that is what most people think. It is very difficult to find a book written by a women especially if it was in the West. Kelton stated that there were books written by women but it was difficult to find them. Actually this is true, but it has changed, through out the year, there have been more books written by women and other minorities. Kelton also talks about some civilizations that were established to the south, in Mexico, like Aztecs, and Mayan, and about how they were built by fighting, enslaving, sacrifices and the destruction of others. This kind of gives you an idea of how these civilizations came about in Mexico and what kind of civilized people they were. Indian tirbe would fight about everything, most would not recognize other tribes as the same race, but as being a different tribe, an enemy. Many of the people from these tribes were killed because of a battle that arose over hunting rights or simply because they were diffrent. A lot of the things that Elmer Kelton talks about in his work Politically Correct or Historically Correct is just to inform the readers that history did not always happen the way it is described, written or told by historians and writers. Some people see history in different ways for the simple fact that they do not see them in the same way or from the same angle. I found Elmer Keltons work to be informative for the simple reason that it talks about some things that other books dont even mention and things that people could never know unless people were to actually taslk to someone that was present through out many of the historical events through out time. History Essays

Overview of Crime of Accessory

Overview of Crime of Accessory The charge of accessory can be brought against anyone who helps someone else commit a crime, but who does not participate in the actual commission of the crime. There are various ways an accessory can help the criminal, including emotional or financial assistance as well as physical assistance or concealment. Accessory Before the Fact If you know someone who is planning to commit a crime and you do anything to help - plan the crime, loan them money or tools, encourage them to commit the crime or even just give advice - you can be charged with accessory before the fact. For example, Mark worked in a building that his friend Tom was planning to rob. Mark provided Tom with the security code to access the building without setting off the security alarm in exchange for $500.  Mark could be charged with accessory before the fact, whether or not Mark committed the crime, for the following reason: 1)  Mark was aware that a crime that was being planned and did not report it to the police. 2)  Mark encouraged Tom to do the crime by providing him with a way to do it that would lessen his chances of getting caught by the police. 3)  Mark received payment in exchange for the security code. Accessory After the Fact Likewise, if you know someone who has already committed a crime and you do anything to help - such as give them a place to hide or help them destroy evidence - you can be charged with accessory after the fact. For example, Fred and Sally decided to rob a restaurant. Fred went into the restaurant to rob it while Sally waited in the get-away car. After robbing the restaurant, Fred and Sally went to Kathy’s house and asked her if they could hide their car in her garage and stay with her for three days to help avoid being arrested. Kathy agreed in exchange for $500. When the three were arrested, Fred and Sally were charged as the principals  (the persons who actually commit the crime) and Kathy was charged as an accessory after the fact. The prosecutor could prove an accessory after the fact because: 1)  Kathy knew that Fred and Sally robbed the restaurant 2)  Kathy sheltered Fred and Sally with the intent to help them avoid arrest, 3)  Kathy helped Fred and Sally avoid arrest so that she could profit from their crime. Proving Accessory After the Fact Prosecutors must prove the following elements to prove accessory after the fact: A  crime  was committed by a principal.The defendant knew that the principal.(1) Committed the crime.(2) Was charged with the crime, or(3) Was convicted of the crime.After the crime was committed, the defendant either helped to  conceal or  aid the principal.The defendant assisted the principal with the  intent  that he/she avoid or escape from arrest, trial, conviction or punishment. Defense Strategies for Charges of Accessory to a Crime On behalf of their client, defense lawyers can fight charges of accessory to a crime in many ways depending on the circumstances, but some of the more common strategies include: 1)  No Knowledge of the Crime. For example, if Joe robbed a restaurant and then went to Tom’s house and told him he needed a place to stay because he was evicted from his apartment and Tom allowed Joe to stay, Tom could not be found guilty of accessory after the fact, because he had no knowledge that Joe had committed a crime or that he was trying to hide from the police. 2)  No Intent A prosecutor must prove that the actions of a person charged with being an accessory to a crime, did so with the intent to help the principal avoid arrest, trial, conviction or punishment. For example, Jane’s boyfriend Tom called her and told her that his truck broke down and that he needed a ride. They agreed that Jane would pick him up in 30 minutes in front of the convenience store. As Jane approached the store, Tom waved her down from an alleyway near the store. She pulled over, Tom jumped in and Jane drove away. Tom was later arrested for robbing the conveyance store and Jane was arrested for being accessory because she drove him from the scene. But since the prosecutors could not prove that Jane had any knowledge that Tom had just committed a crime, she was found innocent of the charges. The prosecutors tried to prove that Jane must have known about the theft because Tom had a history of robbing convenience stores. However, the fact that Tom had been arrested multiple times for a similar crime was not enough to prove that Jane had any knowledge that Tom had just committed a crime when she went to pick him up; therefore they were unable to prove intent. Return to Crimes A-Z

Developing an Evalution Plan and Disseminating Results Research Proposal

Developing an Evalution Plan and Disseminating Results - Research Proposal Example But overcoming these hurdles will always give the satisfaction these changes usher in. Thus, it can be safely sound applying the above concept in the case of CHF patients whose major issue is non-compliance to physicians and preventive treatments that becomes a major stumbling block in combating this fatal disease. So formulating an implementation program to give the best care and medical treatment to such chf patients become imperative with active co-operation from all quarters involved. The role of organizations, medical experts, doctors, nurses, family and society in general has to be defined clearly and with clarity so that it can take a smooth course. Some of the ways to implement successful means to achieve this objective is discussed below. This major hurdle in efficient management of Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Time (PICOT) occurs mainly due to lack of awareness and noncompliance by patients of the physician’s instructions and medical regimen. ... nt in overcoming the maladies of non-compliance which itself is shaping into a dangerous disease, and how the medical community and society with its healthcare professionals can overcome the laxity of expertise into the subject experienced, leading to improvisation. Therefore the proper course of action is by implementing the much wanted changes. First and foremost priority has to be given in seeking ways for identifying the signs and symptoms associated with the chf syndrome, and after much deliberation it was safely concluded that facilitating a checklist which clearly specifies the signs and symptoms will go a long way to eradicate the trust deficit faced by patients and cause non-compliance as suggested in the article â€Å"Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure: Are You Asking the Right Questions?† (Albert, 2012). The results indicated that this methodology boosts the confidence of patients, shedding their reluctant attitudes and raising the compliance level to a better degr ee Hence it would facilitate for appropriate decisions by care providers for a better overall outcome. â€Å"The checklist format prompted patients to report all signs and symptoms they were experiencing, rather than only those they thought were related to heart failure† (Albert et al. 2010). Various cause for non compliance which include factors like demographic indicators, the regimens of medication like side effects or the complexity associated with them, psychological problems, social and family attitudes as well as their concepts about self esteem becomes serious impediments in effectively combating the disease. In this scenario, there is a high relevance for compliance related interventions. The study, stresses the importance of this vital aspect. Here the findings suggest that educating

Church and State Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Church and State - Assignment Example The wordings used by Jefferson in framing the declaration of independence exposes the image of someone who although was aware of the dictates of religion and God, was reluctant to embrace it (Hamburger 13). The laws of nature rely on the human understanding of the world. They are not necessarily induced by any religious affiliations though, if they are, it is an unconscious inclination towards religious beliefs. The laws of nature relate to some of the provisions of religion. It is misconstrued that the similarity between the proclamations of the founding fathers and the ideals of Christianity imply that they were intentionally applied in reverence to God. A skeptical view of such proclamations cast aspersions on the use (Hamburger 120). It is fair reasoning that if it were a reality that the founding fathers championed Christianity, then its application could be evident in the Declaration of Independence. Natural rights are inalienable. In essence, nature dictates the best human actions. Often, the natural laws have similarities with the doctrines of Christianity (Hamburger 45). In the presence of such a similarity, individuals may be confused to believe that they subscribe to the

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Marketing - Essay Example On the contrary, it was one of the private hospitals in the locality. The puzzle lies behind how they obtain their data in order to support their advertisement. This is in consideration of the fact that the economy is not doing well currently and that sales representatives can be very aggressive at times promising what they cannot deliver. I made an order for a customized procedure tray for catheterizations where one company claimed they could supply a similar pack for a considerable savings. The purchasing department was behind this persuasive decision even though more was involved. In case one could pick on a firm that is receptive to their needs in a prompt manner then it might be unwise to merely change for price. Sales agents have modified their strategies. Some use the strategy of ‘wine and dine’ among the physicians and staff with an aim of getting their products to the consumers. However, with the new regulations these strategies can no longer work. In response, the marketers become too aggressive Pauline (Norris, et al., 2004). I happen to have a friend who sells pharmaceutical products since he was compelled to change careers at 45. Besides, both of our boys play football, but on the contrary, instead of sitting down to watch my son play football in his practice, I had to listen to him narrate one of his cardiology products. Even though I could let him get into my hospital to talk to the cardiologists, this was not the right time and place. My realization was that it was not important to him because he was not familiar enough with my health concerns. He was only making an effort to give it a try. This is evidence of the fact a majority of the sales agents in health care use the pushy approach. My experience with the sales representatives is formidable where some claim they would have dropped down considering they had had enough. Nevertheless, I would reason with them on the importance of making an appointment if they were eager to talk to me. This is in consideration of the fact that deadlines are hard to meet given the constant interruptions from the sales agents. Opinion on Whether the Current Marketing Techniques Are Affecting Consumer Trends According to Frankish, Moulton and Diane (2000), marketing techniques have a significant influence on the consumer trends. In my opinion, the internet has a great role in affecting these trends. Consumers might see an advert or a new medication stating that a certain hospital may treat particular conditions better than another. Instead of literally accepting the commercial as simple truth, the consumers have the potential to conduct their research on the internet and seek opinions from their physicians. This is a clear evidence of the data on physicians’ licensure, the extreme effects and speed of success and complications. Consumers have an opportunity to establish their health conditions and determine where they can find the best facility that can treat their diseas es. Let’s have a look at this scenario: My father in-law lived in Virginia. He developed esophageal cancer. He did a research over the internet on the best facilities that had the most experienced and best record with this ailment before settling on the John Hopkins Hospital in Maryland. Thereafter, he relocated to Maryland for some time to obtain treatment and every member of the family took a week off each at a time to look after him.

The Difference Between Chinese And Western Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Difference Between Chinese And Western Culture Cultural Studies Essay Food diet is a cultural in china. The daily regimen is often talking object. China and the West have the very big difference in aspect; they are in the diet idea, the cooking, raw material, dined aspects and so on. this point as early as already some people raised in the 19th century, then, East and Wests cultural masters have not stopped down to this aspects research. Then, Chinese people Xu xiong (2001) pointed out that Chinese and western diet culture difference. It is due to countrys culture, the custom, the atmosphere, the historical connotation, the nutrition values and the current economic condition factor. Recently, many people think western and Chinese diet culture biggest difference is Chinese people used the chopsticks, is eating rice and western people used knife and the fork, eating the beefsteak and the bread. These are only on the superficial difference; also it still has deeply level differences. This point that it had been ignore to people Food habits difference, the diet ways difference, the diet concept difference, the cooking methods difference. These differences are the fundamental differences between Chinese and western food culture difference. China has 5,000 years of history, China has brightly rich, the broad and profound diet culture; Chinese people pay attention to the nature and humanity, Chinese food to feed the ideographic, by thing of expressing characteristics. So it makes the famous traditional Chinese diet food Chinese food culture theory founder in the analects of Confucius The Analects in there on the food, food is too refined, cypress tire size exposition Up to two thousand years later, still has a very high theoretical guidance Sima Qian in Lishiqi Commentary Section of the Historical Records write that : a countrys king depend on people, then people depend on grain Yan Zhitui, Family Instructions of Yan Clan say: grain is people depend on, people cannot live without eating, The Chinese diet culture has long development process, if from Peking man invented offensive and began a real sense of diet culture creation began, starting with China diet culture development process from today ,there were fifth year s of history, this is a long standing uninterrupted history. Chinese peoples diet emphasize the perceptual and the artistry, pursue the taste of the food feeling, and no attention to the foods nutrition composition, many from color, aroma, taste and shape wait for a respect to evaluate the stand or fall of diet quality, pursuit is a difficult to explain in words of artistic conception. Chinese people are pay attention to eat, American sociologist Ian. Robert Johnson wrote a book in his Sociology, said that American do not eat snails to eat oysters, French eats snail dont eat locusts, Lu tribe in Africa who do not eat fish to eat locusts, the Jews do not eat pork, Hindus pork do not eat beef, Russians eat beef dont eat snake meat. While Chinese have no dont eat, the Chinese people in taste dishes, We often will taste this dish and said yummy or not delicious; however if you want ask the people why this dish is good ,we not answers, This shows that Chinese on diet of pursuit is a kind of difficult to explain in words mood, namely, use people say normally color, aroma, taste and shape, implement to the state materialize and Im afraid is still difficult to cover it. The Chinese diet is has its distinctive charm, the key lies in its flavors. And delicious produced to reconcile, for the original taste of food, Coupled with the taste of ingredients and materials, and to reconcile the taste of spices, Intertwined with the integration of coordination, Pay attention to the harmony of Chinese cooking Beauty This is the essence of Chinese culinary art key point.. The dishs shape and color is external things, and the taste is something inside, Chinese food is not deliberate modification of the internal re-appearance. Westerners focus on rational analysis, focus on food science, and pay attention to nutrition, whatever how to the food color, smell, taste, shape , and nutrition must be assured, pay attention to how many calories a day intake, vitamins, protein, and so on. Even if taste thousand pieces of the same tune, also they must continue to eat because there are nutritious. Lin Yutan in my country and my people pointed out: English and American people are eating is defined as a biological machine fuel injection As long as they eat to be able to keep the body strong enough to resist the infection of bacteria Do not pay attention to other aspects of . In the banquet, you can pay attention to tableware, pay attention to the use of materials, pay attention to service, attention to vegetables, raw material shape and color with respect. But no matter how luxurious high-grade, from Los Angeles to New York, steak is only a kind of taste, without art at all. As dishes, chicken is chicken, steak is ste ak, although the dishes are with, that is carried out in the disk French lamb chops, while put mashed potatoes, next to the lean lamb chops, green beans cooked with the other side, add a few slices of tomato. Contrasting color, but the taste of the variety of disparate materials, to reconcile, the taste is different, you taste it, and you know it. Westerners are used to divide and eat, there are be allocated a personal food, it is one of a rationing. In the West dinner, while also sitting, but each single plate of food is the single loaded. Do not have fixed seats that can move around freely, Not only it can fully meet the individual food preferences, but also to facilitate social. Be easy to Feelings between individuals and to facilitate the exchange of information, Instead of all activities at the table will be made public, In Western food on the table not weave in games. Also eat time shorter than the Chinese food. We usually to eat beef in silence and quietly. This diets way fully show that Westerners humanity, self respect and emphasize the individuals independence and autonomy. In china, In china, whether Family dining is or a formal banquet, we are sitting around dinner, Sitting in a table, we look toward cheers each other, and help people to distribute food to guests at the table reflect the mutual respect between people, the virtues of comity, and Harmony, happy atmosphere. Shows that the Chinese people pay attention harmony is most precious In 3000 years ago, it is The Book of Songs Era Our ancestors first know to eat have affinity function, Use food to regulate the relationship in the Book of Rites, said the By drinking the diet this way, to express our good mood. reflects Chinese people peaces idea. Especially in the various festivals, we by drinking diet this way, to express .we are very happy. This diet way is the Chinese food culture an important tradition. Chinese people put the eating as an elegant pleasure .So take a seat, the mutual laughter throughout the entire process of meal. To eat time weave in some interesting games, so eat time for up t o two or three hours .Because people can maintain a good appetite and a strong appetite, so enjoy the culinary arts how to maintain the best state of mind. Chinese to trail by eating, and eating to regulate relationships .As Mr Qian in the eat, said Dinner have many social functions, such as a feel for the business meetings by the so on In China, cooking is an art, it with extremely strong interest, even with certain game play, it is attracted by diet for the life of fulfilling the Chinese. Chinese cooking have many methods, for example, Slip, braised, burning, boil, steamed, fried, crispy, braised, grilled, stewed, explosion, fry, casserole, candied and so on . These methods make use of dazzling dishes. Chinese people have a grasp on the heat of the traditional methods, it is rich and varied , and every type have detail methods, such as Such as leavened partition into brittle and slippery and so on. Chinese food is more complicated changes in technology, many dishes are time-consuming work fees Chinese food a lot of embellishment, when we eat the food, many embellishment of food, we dont eat. Not only cause the waste of raw materials, but also the effect may not be good A Chinese chef in the industry saying goes ¼Ã… ¡ As a good cook, one-third of the craft, and seven in the used materials side. It is Emphasizes personal chef selection of raw materials, the importance of sub-file to use. That is, the standard of raw materials produced on the dishes of Chinese and Western food culture differences play a decisive role. Westerns Cooking pay attention to nutrition to the neglect of taste, they with cold drinks table, also coupled with the cold chilled ice wine And the bloody steak with white fish, big white meat, raw vegetables, white boiled beans, boiled potatoes with relish, although the dishes are very authentic taste, but the dish flavor is not good. These all reflect the taste of the neglect of Westerners. Westerners diet emphasizes science and nutrition, the whole process of cooking are acting in strict accordance with scientific standards, Thus the chefs work to become a very monotonous and mechanical to work. Westerners to grasp the furnace temperature and quantitative data can not be separated, Its cooking methods is frying, deep-fried, and grilled, the taste of food is a single, Western do not pay attention to a knife, a piece of steak, vegetables and salad placed at random, there is no knife at all Westerns transfer to a plate dimension, edible is strong, the vast majority of all the food into the dish can be eaten, and embellishment is the main course dishes. Most raw materials for western food is fresh, clean, natural Operation process of nature, to play the original taste of food, not too much used to dry raw materials, milk is essential in the Western raw materials. Based on the importance of nutrition, Westerners most of eat raw vegetables, not only they eat tomatoes, cucumber, cabbage, onions, but also they can eat raw broccoli , The majority of the American West as the representative, they seem to like to eat cold dish., and sitting after the first dish is mostly Sarah one dish icy leftovers, And the main course steak end up, First ,you used a knife and cut a while, until chopped, hot steak to cool gradually, but also the side dishes and a good steak with a fork with your mouth. Thus westerners ignore flavor Chinese tableware is mainly chopsticks, chopsticks is More accurate than the knife and fork, we used the chopsticks can freely and convenient. Whether the dish is article, is the lump is the piece, and it is cube. Chinese people pick up the chopsticks; it can be applied with ease. So, like talking about something at the dinner table for the Chinese people, they can not tolerate silent Western food instrument. Not only Chopsticks are eating utensils, but also it is talking about assistant props the dinner table, a group of people around the table, Each other take their food with chopsticks, and the guests served you food at a meal. It shows between the master and guest relationship, also it is add to harmonious atmosphere in the table. So when Mr. Cai Yuanpei talking about the chopsticks, in ancient time, Chinese people once used it, and used many various of shapes, cuptray bowl and see. Chinese cooking emphasis the shape, size, color coordination with the dishes ¼Ã…’and pay atten tion to exquisites utensil. The delicious food must have exquisites utensil combine, and to pay attention to harmony with it. Dishes and utensils in color decoration, in the form, and harmony in the space is supposed to match. They put diet regard as artistic activity treat. Not only can eat delicious food, but also get a beautiful art from which to enjoy it. Westerners with a metal knife and fork, and a variety of cups, plates, cup, dish. The western food dress up plate and combine aspect, Unlike the Chinese, emphasis on the artistic beauty. The types of utensils, dishes shape, are both of relatively monotonous. In short, West people focus on the content of the food, Chinese people emphasis to cuisine in the form and the more pleasure they reap from it. Recently, with the quality of life improve. Chinas food and beverage utensils are specialized, diversified portfolio of the new faces appear. it is for family dinner add to new meaning and Japanese food culture and interest. West people also began to focus on the design. There are a variety of different styles of tableware in market. These are usually with color and pattern, and appeared to different in various styles, with a view, interesting characteristics, and the put eating utensils as gifts to sell. Is due to International economic development, also country and country are communication frequently and international tourism development. It make them cultures exchange and merge in the worldwide, forming an unstoppable trend. Specially, country and country communication and merge in food aspects. For western food Traditionally, Western absorbed the steam and fried from the Chinese food methods. At the same time, they also absorb a lot of Chinese food ingredients and condiments. While Chinese food also emphasis to food nutrition. We can start to eat western styles food. For example, Hot dogs, sandwiches, salads, and butter. In conclusion, in china appear Chinese and Western styles combineds style.there are Western medicate food and beef of porridge in Chinese and Western styles combineds style.now,western food use Chinese cooking to eat, and Chinese food used the western cooking to do ,those are Chinese and Western food culture continually and exchanges, it can appear new phenomenon

An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet    In Hamlet, the majority of the comic relief is dark and depressing. The main character is obsessed with death and makes morbid jokes about old age, deception, and corpses. This side of the character is shown so that the reader can understand how much this disturbs the prince. The result of this is a play with some very depressing scenes. Hamlet's negative attitude gives way to many sadistic jests at the events surrounding him. He tells his friend Horatio that the food brought for the funeral was served at the wedding, also. This joke is sad because Hamlet is still grieving while he is forced to endure the pungent incestuous image of his mother sharing a bed with his uncle. This disturbing time for him leads to most of his depressing humor. His family's blatant deception causes him to state sarcastically that if the world is honest, then the end of the world must be near. The reader can identify with Hamlet's feelings of bitterness and disillusionment because of his sarcastic reactions. Fairly soon after, Polonius becomes the object of Hamlet's ridicule. The appearance of this aspect of humor is not surprising due to the cruel nature of the play. Polonius is an older man who forgets what he is saying in the middle of a sentence and absolutely cannot come to a point quickly. Hamlet calls him a "great baby," and Rosencrantz says that when men grow old, they mentally become children. After Polonius is killed, Hamlet refers to removing the body from room as "{lugging} the guts." Since the body has been stabbed, the reader can assume that Hamlet is making light of the bloody, most likely disemboweled corpse. First Polonius is mocked because of his age; then Hamlet returns to him dark humor. The most prevalent form of macabre humor is Hamlet's way of trivializing death. He makes many jokes about this . When he describes how a king could be digested by a beggar, one could envision Claudius cringing. Along with the image of death, Hamlet uses the word "progress," which indicates a royal journey. He taunts the king and death at the same time. Later during the graveyard scene, he asks Yorick's skull: "Quite chapfall'n?" He is asking if the skull is down in the mouth or depressed, which is a sick question to ask of a long dead cranium. An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays An Analytical Essay on Comic Relief in Hamlet    In Hamlet, the majority of the comic relief is dark and depressing. The main character is obsessed with death and makes morbid jokes about old age, deception, and corpses. This side of the character is shown so that the reader can understand how much this disturbs the prince. The result of this is a play with some very depressing scenes. Hamlet's negative attitude gives way to many sadistic jests at the events surrounding him. He tells his friend Horatio that the food brought for the funeral was served at the wedding, also. This joke is sad because Hamlet is still grieving while he is forced to endure the pungent incestuous image of his mother sharing a bed with his uncle. This disturbing time for him leads to most of his depressing humor. His family's blatant deception causes him to state sarcastically that if the world is honest, then the end of the world must be near. The reader can identify with Hamlet's feelings of bitterness and disillusionment because of his sarcastic reactions. Fairly soon after, Polonius becomes the object of Hamlet's ridicule. The appearance of this aspect of humor is not surprising due to the cruel nature of the play. Polonius is an older man who forgets what he is saying in the middle of a sentence and absolutely cannot come to a point quickly. Hamlet calls him a "great baby," and Rosencrantz says that when men grow old, they mentally become children. After Polonius is killed, Hamlet refers to removing the body from room as "{lugging} the guts." Since the body has been stabbed, the reader can assume that Hamlet is making light of the bloody, most likely disemboweled corpse. First Polonius is mocked because of his age; then Hamlet returns to him dark humor. The most prevalent form of macabre humor is Hamlet's way of trivializing death. He makes many jokes about this . When he describes how a king could be digested by a beggar, one could envision Claudius cringing. Along with the image of death, Hamlet uses the word "progress," which indicates a royal journey. He taunts the king and death at the same time. Later during the graveyard scene, he asks Yorick's skull: "Quite chapfall'n?" He is asking if the skull is down in the mouth or depressed, which is a sick question to ask of a long dead cranium.

Ecology and Environment Essay

1. Describe your local and surrounding ecologies and environments. Before we can describe the local and surrounding ecologies and environments, we have to know the meaning of ecology and environment. The relation among organisms and the environment that they are in is called ecology. During an organism’s lifetime, anything that affects it in any way is called an environment. Local and surrounding ecologies and environments in the local area that I reside in are trees, shrubs and vines, wildflowers and weeds, fungi (honey mushroom), lichen, fish, reptiles, amphibious animals, birds, mammals, insects, snails, and different worms. These ecologies require different habitats in the environment to survive and make their being. There are a few different habitats that exist in Northern Virginia, forest, meadows, thicket, marsh, ponds, forest streams, rivers, flower garden, and regular neighborhood streets. Habitats are very important components of an organism’s life. Organisms need the different shelters to live in. The forest can be a very big area that certain organism can live in. Some organism uses the shelter to hide in or move along so other organism want see them to eat them. The ponds and streams are important for any organism and any life form. Organism needs water to survive, without getting enough water to drink an organism will die. (Northern Virginia Ecology) The environment that we live in plays an important part in the lives of an organism. The habitat (the environment) consists of shelter, water, food, and space that an organism needs to survive. 2. List the specific factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment. The specific factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment is determined by the area that and individual, and an organism live in. Latitude, the geographic coordinate, and your elevation above sea level are important factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment. Certain organism may and may not be able to live in certain areas above or below certain sea levels, latitudes, and longitudes. Other distinguishing factors of local ecology and environment in Northern Virginia are the types of forest, river, streams, and ponds. Types of forest in Northern Virginia are the Bottomland Hardwoods, Loblolly Pine, and White Pine. 3. Discuss how human activities have affected your local ecosystems. First of all humans require so much to survive. To survive we do what ever it takes to get what we need. We are what you call greedy in some ways. We all live in different areas of the world, and our need for resources grows rapidly because there are a number of us throughout. When it comes to the ecosystem, it becomes imbalanced because of our activities, making it harder for different organism to survive. In my local area a lot of construction is being done to build new homes and buildings. A lot of trees are being cut down to make way for homes, buildings, town homes, parking lots, and other construction. Because of the construction that is being done, the soil that is being moved end up killing the organism that live in the soil and the plants that are rooted there also. A lot of the construction is being done to build roads and buildings. The land itself is being changed to a more flat land, which disrupts the way the water flows through the land when rain falls. The activities that human are conducting are consequences known as abiotic and biotic. According to Tillery, Enger, & Ross (2008), biotic factors are other living things that affect an organism, and abiotic factors are nonliving influences that affect an organism. Other human activities that affect the local ecosystem are the pollutants that we cause. Polluted run-off is from sewage treatments that are discharged into the lakes. Washing cars, watering the lawn or crops all affect the local ecosystem. All these different pollutants can cause different kind of reactions to organism. If organism consume the pollutants it may cause death and to human possible serious health problems. Some of these pollutants can start the growth of E. coli on the beachfronts that disrupt the ecosystems. 4. Describe the ways that global warming might affect your local ecosystems. The definition of global warming according to dictionary.com is an increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect. Because of global warming and the increase in temperatures, some organism may not be able to survive in the local area. These organisms have to possible migrated to other cooler areas to survive. The local ecosystems change because the food supply need by some organism will decrease because of the changing environment. In the local ecosystem you will find that certain butterflies that use to reside here are moving or migrating to northern latitudes along with frogs and some birds. Over the next 20 to 30 years we will see a decrease in the mammals and bird species. I believe that global warming will have a huge affect on our local ecosystem. You have plants and animals that are use to a certain environment and when that environment change because of temperature increased, they have to adjust to the change. If they are unable to adjust to the changing seasons the plants and animals will become extinct. 5. Relative to other parts of the world, would your local ecosystems be affected more or less? Relative to the rest of the world I believe that my local ecosystem will be affected more. I agree this will happen because of a few different things. Number one, global warming, global warming will cause climate changes. In certain areas of my local area that require certain rainwater, this may decrease. If you have been observing the weather storms are becoming more violent and causing damages to areas that didn’t have that type of weather before. Second, human activity will be another cause that affects my local ecosystem. Humans today are conducting construction more a more trying to create job, build cooperation, and roads. In the construction process, trees are being destroyed, lakes and streams are being drained and moved to different places. By destroying the trees organism are left without shelter food and other habitats that secure their survival. In our everyday activity we are polluting the water with the everyday washing of cars, and the drainage of sewers that eventually drain over into the lakes and streams kills the fish and causing the build up of algae that is causing death and serious sickness to wildlife and humans. In conclusion, we have to learn more about the environment and how it affects the ecosystem. All the changes that we make in the environment will affect something or someone. To save our ecosystem and environment we have to ask is this change really worth it. Global warming is already making a big impact on our world and if we continue to make the changes we are, the health of the world will continue to decline.

Autism and the Physiological Effects on the Brain essays

Autism and the Physiological Effects on the Brain essays Autism is defined as a neurological disorder, which affects the brains functioning (Autism Society of America, 2004). Autism prevents normal development of the brain as far as communication skills and social interaction is concerned. It occurs in about fifteen of every 10,000 people (Cure Autism Now Foundation, 2004). Four out of five people with autism are male, however it is not limited to any particular racial, and ethnic or social group (Cure Autism Now Foundation, 2004). The main causes of autism are not known, as they are related to brains functioning. Autism is a disorder composed of skills and deficits varying greatly from one person to another. People with autism show individualized and distinct combinations of strengths and needs. Persuasive Development Disorders include five syndromes, autism included, all having similar characteristics. PDD can be diagnosed as early as eighteen months, but while a child is still growing and developing, a specific diagnosis may change (Autism Society of America, 2004). However, children who have a disorder included in the Persuasive Development Disorders, all have individual traits and all share special needs in verbal and nonverbal communications, social interaction, and behavior. Strategies included with interventions for people with any PDD are the same as far as their focus on structure and consistency are concerned (Autism Society of America, 2004). It seems that autistic children are more likely to depend on just one type of learning style (Edelson, n.d.). If an autistic child likes looking at books, for example picture books, watching television (sound or no sound), and often looks carefully at people or objects, then they could be a visual learner (Edelson, n.d.). If an autistic child talks a lot, likes people talking to them, and enjoys listening to the radio or music, then they might be an auditory learner (Edel...

The Afrikaans Medium Decree

The Afrikaans Medium Decree The South African Minister of Bantu Education and Development, MC Botha, issued a decree in 1974 that made the use of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in black schools compulsory from Standard 5 onwards [from the last year of primary school to the last year of high school]. The African Teachers Association (ATASA) launched a campaign against the policy, but the authorities implemented it anyway. Northern Transvaal RegionRegional Circular Bantu EducationNorthern Transvaal (No. 4)File 6.8.3. of 17.10.1974To: Circuit InspectorsPrincipals of Schools: With Std V classes and Secondary SchoolsMedium of Instruction Std V - Form V1. It has been decided that for the sake of uniformity English and Afrikaans will be used as media of instruction in our schools on a 50-50 basis as follows:2. Std V, Form I and II2.1. English medium: General Science, Practical Subjects (Homecraft-Needlework-Wood- and Metalwork-Art-Agricultural Science)2.2 Afrikaans medium: Mathematics, Arithmatic, Social Studies2.3 Mother Tongue: Religion Instruction, Music, Physical CultureThe prescribed medium for these subject must be used as from January 1975.In 1976 the secondary schools will continue using the same medium for these subjects.3. Forms III, IV and VAll schools which have not as yet done so should introduce the 50-50 basis as from the beginning of 1975. The same medium must be used for the subjects relate d to those mentioned in paragraph 2 and for their alternatives. ...Your co-operation in this matter will be appreciated.(Sgd.) J.G. ErasmusRegional Director of Bantu EducationN. Transvaal Region ... The Deputy Minister of Bantu Education, Punt Janson, said: No, I have not consulted the African people on the language issue and Im not going to. An African might find that the big boss only spoke Afrikaans or only spoke English. It would be to his advantage to know both languages. Another official was quoted as saying: If students are not happy, they should stay away from school since attendance is not compulsory for Africans. The Department of Bantu Education said that because the government paid for black education, it had the right to decide on the language of instruction. In fact, only white education was totally subsidized by the government. Black parents in Soweto paid R102 (an average months wages) a year to send two children to school, had to buy textbooks (which were issued free in white schools), and had to contribute towards the cost of building schools.

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting - Assignment Example After the negotiation, the checking of the cars history report is important. The car that is to be bought should be that with a positive report (Sharif, 23). Test driving the car before the payments is much important since it makes the buyer satisfied with the elements and the features that cab be got from the test. Inspection of the car will make the next step where the car undergoes several checks to make sure it is well. Negotiation of the deal becomes the next step after the inspection. This makes the buyer able to insist on the price which is lower than the one stated by the seller (Sharif, 203). The last step will be closing the deal after the seller agreeing to sell the car between the limits of 15,000 to 25,000 dollars with the least price possible. Budgeting for the car entails the inclusion of the operational budget items such as the maintenance costs and the buying of fuel for the car. The budget also entails the decision on the payment of the car whether to do nit monthly or annually when the car is bought on installments. The budget should also be address and consider the parts of the car that are not paid for or those that need continuous change (Sharif, 57). The budget addresses the objective of the car which is mainly to use it for work during summer. The budget will also consider the flow of cash to be used in the maintenance of the car. The budgeting also considers the alternatives that are available apart from the purchase of the car for example the use of public means to go to work. The budget for the car considers the different related items that are needed in the use of the car and the methods to be used in the payment (Sharif, 87). The budgeting also entails the creation of a spreadsheet after the collection of several data about the different cars and their costs. The buying and selling of the car should entails integrity between the buyer the seller. This will bring the negotiation between the two to come to the good price

Victimology and Alternatives to the Traditional Justice System Essay

Victimology and Alternatives to the Traditional Justice System - Essay Example And these values would soon drastically increase if nothing would be done about it (Raspberry, 2003). The current justice system is basically grounded on retributive values wherein justice determines the crime or violation, then enjoins the victim, offender and the community to reach solutions of "repair, reconciliation and assurance" (Zehr, 1990;Walker, 2000). Anthropologist Ruth Benedict states that the emphasis of using shame or guilt to control social activities could be a way of categorizing cultures. Some Asian cultures like China and Japan are considered shame cultures in contrast to European and modern American cultures like the US which is said to be "guilt-based." To illustrate, traditional Japanese and Ancient Greek society put more importance to the social consequences of "getting caught" than the feelings of guilt of the offender ("Shame," 2006). The violation of shared opinions and expected behaviors causing the feeling of shame has proved to be efficient in guiding society's behavior. Shame is used against relational aggression and is considered effective in marriage, family and church settings. Also, it is used in the workplace as a form of covert social control ("Shame," 2006). Shame is considered as a pillar of punishment. ... This overwhelming feeling could prevent a person from ever committing the same offense. Thus, on these premises, shaming is believed to be helpful in crime prevention ("Shame," 2006). Victimology Victimology is a multi-disciplinary field covering sociology, psychology, criminal justice, law and advocacy, which identifies and explains how certain factors such as lifestyle affect the incidence of a crime. To cite an example, a "streetwalker" prostitute is very vulnerable to various risks of attacks. There is high incidence of violent crime which often is unresolved involving these people. Victimology then, in this case, may study the social background, legal status of prostitutes, living conditions and risk factors among others ("Victimology," 2006). This provides a better understanding of why crimes are committed and particularly puts some responsibility on the victim rather than simply pointing the blame to the offender. Crime is influenced by a lot of factors and the science of victimology impart the idea that a crime committed doesn't entirely revolve around the offender and his/her motives but may also be triggered by the victim. Restorative Justice Due to incompetence of the current justice system, restorative justice which began evolving around 15 years ago is seen as one alternative (Walker, 2000). The concept, which is presently recognized in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, is coupled with different practices like conferencing, sentencing circles and victim-offender mediation scheme. The repair of the harm caused by the crime may be achieved by holding moderated meetings with the victims, offenders and other parties affected. This practice can be used in the justice system as a

Request for Proposal for Software Upgrade Project of Boardman Essay

Request for Proposal for Software Upgrade Project of Boardman Management Group - Essay Example The purpose of this Request for Proposal is to provide the potential consultants with information to assist them in formulating their proposals. It is hereby advised that it is mandatory for every bidder to respond against all the requirements mentioned in this RFP. If the bidder has nothing to share against a requirement they can mark â€Å"Not Applicable† in front of the requirement. This paper makes a conclusion that Boardman Management Group has established the business goal of achieving a standard business support system across all the businesses across the group and hence has decided to upgrade all the software versions to Word 2007 on Windows Vista. Following are the requirements of this Project which the chosen consultant would need to fulfill. You are most welcome to add to the requirements if you wish to undertake additional deliverables that are useful to the project. You are requested to provide complete details of the new requirements justifying their need. The proposals are invited from the consultants who have successfully completed at least three similar projects pertaining to migration of desktop systems to Windows Vista and Word 2007 in a networked environment. The project board shall compare the details of the PDF format and the hard-copy format. Any discrepancies between the two formats would result in rejection of the proposal after informing y ou. In such cases, you would be required to resubmit the proposal. Discrepancies found after second submission shall result in disqualification of the bidder.

Perinatal Challenges Essay Example for Free

Perinatal Challenges Essay Perinatal challenges during pregnancy and birth are associated with different varieties of diseases and complications, such as gestational diabetes and shoulder dystocia during birth. According to Gullotta, Adams and Ramos (2006), perinatal period commences during the 22nd week of gestation or after 154 gestational days (p. 392). During this stage, perinatal environment is exposed to different bodily changes associated to the bodily responses of the mother towards pregnancy. According to Ben-Haroush, Yogev and Hod (2003), gestational diabetes often progresses during perinatal periods wherein metabolic absorption of carbohydrates becomes impaired possibly due to insufficiency in insulin production, metabolic impairments associated to receptor malformations, and release of anti-insulin hormones (e. g. human placental lactogen, etc. ). As supported by Callahan and Caughey (2006), progressive occurrence of gestational diabetes may result to different complications during child birth, such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycemia (p. 1). Specifically, shoulder dystocia is one of the most common complications associated with gestational diabetes. This is usually identified in cases wherein the mother encounters difficulty of childbirth due to problematic passing of the infant’s anterior shoulder (Gullotta, Adams and Ramos, 2006 p. 392). Shoulder dystocia and gestational diabetes are linked problems during pregnancy. As supported by Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), perinatal occurrence of diabetes usually ends up in problematic infant’s size proportion, which eventually displaces the infant’s body parts in inappropriate positions during childbirth resulting to the difficulty of delivery (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is regarded as a prominent mortality contributor especially during perinatal periods wherein the development of the child is greatly compromised due to the metabolic impairments of the mother. According to Zazworksky, Bolin and Gaubeca (2006), â€Å"perinatal mortality, consisting of both fetal and neonatal deaths, is probably directly related to metabolic derangement in diabetic pregnancies† (p. 192). Perinatal stage of pregnancy, as with other periods of pregnancy, largely depends on the occurring environment inside of the mother. If the maternal metabolic glucose absorption and insulin levels are compromised, the infant’s development is therefore at risked of developing different complications associated to such condition. According to Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. 2003), gestational diabetes occurring during perinatal period results to four-fold higher mortality rates compared to those non-diabetic pregnancies (p. 431). Pregnancy complications resulting from progressive perinatal diabetes are the most difficult scenarios to deal with. Macrosomic or those proportionately enlarged infants are main problem caused by gestational diabetes. As supported by Goroll, Mulley and Mulley, Jr. (2006), gestational diabetes and the incidence of macrosomic delivery trigger increased risk for serious traumatic childbirth and the need for extensive cesarean section (p. 81). Traumatic complication of macrosomia induced by gestational diabetes is shoulder dystocia, which greatly increases the likelihood of cesarean section and birth trauma for normal section (Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 431). In this study, the emphasis mainly involve (a) the perinatal challenges brought by gestational diabetes and (b) the complications of child birth resulted by shoulder dystocia as a complication of gestational diabetes. Discussion Formally, the perinatal period commences after 22 completed gestation weeks and ends a fter seven days of post-delivery. Perinatal challenges in pregnancy involve different bodily conditions that can be life-threatening to both mother and the infant. World Health Organization defines perinatal period as the â€Å"period of prenatal existence after viability of the fetus is reached, the duration of labor, and the early part of extra-uterine life† (cited in Siegel, Swanson and Shyrock, 2004 p. 354). According to DeCherney and Goodwin (2007), life threatening complications of pregnancy are usually greatest during the perinatal period than any other stages of pregnancy due to variety of mortality causes (p. 188-189). As supported by Herbert (2003), the last three months of fetal life in the womb are considered the most vital stage of pregnancy due to the heightened sensitivity of the baby to the environmental health inside the mother (p. 44). One of the most common challenges faced during this period of conception is the metabolic disorder exclusive during pregnancy – gestational diabetes. The metabolic disorder during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, is an exclusive condition associated to impaired glucose absorption brought by the insufficiency of systemic insulin levels of the body (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Physical challenges and threats brought by gestational diabetes during perinatal period undeniably life-threatening and vital to the survival of both mother and child. According to Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), gestational diabetes is considered a warning sign of gestation-induced insulin resistance (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is usually detectable on the early or latter weeks of perinatal period, which is approximately 24 weeks of gestation (Dudek, 2006 p. 290). The incidence and prevalence of gestational diabetes during the perinatal periods are statistically more pronounced compared to other periods of conception. According to Porth (2005), gestational diabetes occurs up to 14% of all pregnancies depending on the population and diagnostic procedures utilized (p. 998). As claimed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2007), gestational diabetes occurs among the approximately 3% to 8% of females not previously diagnosed with diabetes. Added by the public organization Diabetes Australia (2004), incidences of gestational diabetes occurs more predominantly among (higher than 20%) aboriginal women compared to other ethnic diversities. Etiologies attributed to the increasing incidence of gestational diabetes are still unknown due to the unproven etiological propositions of gestational diabetes. However, different studies (Buchanan and Xiang, 2005; Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. , 2005; Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. , 2003) have proposed their hypothetical explanation to the etiological nature of gestational diabetes itself. The first theory proposed by Buchanan and Xiang (2005) is associated with the genetic nature of the mother predisposing to her to gestational diabetes. As supported by Porth (2005), gestation diabetes is more prominent among mothers who have history of glucose intolerance or metabolic problems related to glucose absorption (p. 988). In the study of Buchanan and Xiang (2005), gestational diabetes is claimed to be the end-product of monogenic dysfunction of B-cells. Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA of beta cells trigger the autosomal mutations eventually causing beta cell dysfunction. Meanwhile, according to the study of Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. (2003), gestational diabetes is triggered by lifestyle practices prior and during pregnancy. In the study, a total of 63. % of the total women in the heaviest group (weight: 300 lbs or 136 kg) have had incidence of gestational diabetes and other complications during pregnancy compared to the women whose weight range between 200 to 299 pounds (49. 8%). According to Callahan and Caughey (2006), another hypothetical explanation to the etiology of this condition is the release of placental hormone, specifically known as the human placental lactogen (a. k. a human chorionic somatomammotropin), which acts as an anti-insulin substances increasing the insulin resistance and generalized carbohydrate intolerance of the mother systemically (p. 05). Added by LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003), beta cells secretion of insulin is incapable of fully compensating the increasing bodily requisites of both infant and mother; hence, glucose intolerance results (p. 1295). If this glucose malabsorption continues, the mother’s body encounter severe rise of sugar levels inducing gestational diabetes, while the infant is considered at risk of experiencing hypoglycemia due to insufficient levels of insulin used for glucose absorption (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). As supported by Porth (2006), gestational diabetes is more prominent during 24th up to 28th week of gestation, which is actually the perinatal period (p. 988). Compared to the normal pregnancy, mothers with gestational diabetes manifest decreased secretory activity, compromised insulin response per unit of glycemic stimulation and absence of insulin progressiveness (LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky, 2003 p. 1295). Potential risks involved in gestational diabetes are the complications that may arise during perinatal periods. Continuous occurrence of gestational diabetes also predisposes potential problems during child delivery or the last seven days of perinatal period. According to Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. (2005), potential outcomes of gestational diabetes during perinatal period leads to the surge of insulin levels within the uterine environment, which eventually increases glucose reuptake of fetal cells converting them to triglycerides (p. 127). In such conditions, the infant develops dramatic fat deposits with increased body frame size and weight compared to the normal infant (4500 grams). As supported by Wehren and Marks (2004), the rise of blood glucose in the mother’s internal environment also increases the blood glucose levels circulating within the infant, which consequently places the child under the circumstance of neonatal hyperglycemia (p. 209). Aside from neonatal hyperglycemia, biochemical risks brought by gestational diabetes also include hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia and polycythemia (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 05). LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003) claim the frequency of acquiring gestational diabetes increases with progressive age and BMI conditions (p. 1295). Meanwhile, complications that may occur on the infant involve stillbirth risk, spontaneous abortion, macrosomia, neonatal hypo- and hyperglycemia, increased risk of developing insulin resistance and most commonly shoulder dystocia (Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. , 2005 p. 127). Treatment and diagnostic to the effects of gestational diabetes are crucial to the prevention and care of the pregnancy. Diagnostic procedures for gestational diabetes should be done at the end of the second trimester between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Patients developing at least two associated risk factors should have their diagnostic screening at their first prenatal visit and during each subsequent trimester. Added by Joslin, Kahn and Weir et al. ), universal diagnostic procedure for gestational diabetes is also dependent on the series of identifiable factors, such as age of first pregnancy, body weight, history of abnormal glucose metabolism and racial or ethnic background, that place the mother in a series of more intensive tests (p. 1043). One example of these diagnostics involves a screening test consisting of 50g of glucose administration followed by glucose-plasma measurement one hour after the administration. If the results reveal 1-hour glucose level higher than 140 mg/dL, the implication is positive and the procedure called glucose tolerance testing is indeed necessary for the purpose of validation (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). If the mother’s glucose level reveals positive result during the 1-hour glucose test, the individual is referred for 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) in order to assess their carbohydrate metabolism levels (Hod, Jovanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 331). In this procedure, oral glucose of exactly 100 mg is given to the mother after the 8-hour fasting period preceded by a 3-day intensive carbohydrate diet. After the commencement of GTT, glucose is then measured three times every after an hour after the intake of dose. According to Hod, Jovanovic and Di Renzo et al. (2003), patients with plasma glucose of 126 mg/dl should have their blood glucose monitored for the next 24 to 38 weeks of pregnancy (p. 330). Added by Callahan and Caughey (2006), â€Å"if the fasting glucose or two or more of the postprandial values are elevated, a diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made† (p. 05). After the diagnosis, the mother is immediately placed under strict diabetic diet with 2200 calorie consumption a day including 200 to 220 g of carbohydrate serving per day (Zazworsky, Bolin and Gaubeca, 2006 p. 195). Diabetic diet is usually accompanied by recommended exercise in order to stimulate blood circulation. According to Callahan and Caughey ( 2006), if blood sugar values are already 25 to 30% elevated, insulin medications or oral hypoglycemic agents are usually administered (p. 106). With the continuous progression of gestational diabetes during the perinatal stage of pregnancy, another common perinatal challenge during childbirth is being predisposed shoulder dystocia. Maternal complications during continuous progression of gestational diabetes may also include increased risk of preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, maternal obesity, and the increased risk of developing Type II diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes for subsequent pregnancy (Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. 2005 p. 127). In fact, in the study of Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. (2005), pregnant mothers diagnosed with gestational diabetes (n=555) have experienced pregnancy and childbirth complications, specifically macrosomia and shoulder dystocia. The rates of complication are found higher (59%) among those untreated mothers, while a smaller number of complicated cases (18%) occurred among those treated pregnancies. Shoulder dystocia is considered as an obstetric emergency with a very unpredictable nature. Such complication can be identified once the fetal head has already been delivered. The midwife or attending physician might encounter difficulties in delivering the shoulders most commonly due to the impaction of the anterior shoulder behind the pubic symphysis (Callahan, Caughey and Heffner, 2004 p. 69). Despite of its unpredictable nature, shoulder dystocia has been associated to different pregnancy complications that are considered as its potential predisposing factors, such as macrosomia, gestational diabetes and maternal obesity. According to Simpson and Creehan (2007), gestational diabetes is the nearest related risk factor of shoulder dystocia due to the larger body frames and marked anthropometric differences in infants of diabetic mothers (p. 329). Despite the emergent and life-threatening character of shoulder dystocia, Reichman and Simon (2003), considers this as a rare obstetric complication with a varying incidence rate of 1% to 4% of cephalic spontaneous vaginal deliveries (p. 1043). As supported by Simpson and Creehan (2007), shoulder dystocia occurs more prominently among macrosomic infants with weights of 5,000 g with an incidence rate of 70% to 60%. In the retrospective study of Ouzounian and Gherman (2005), among the 267,228 vaginal births during the study period from January 1991 to June 2001, reported cases of shoulder dystocia are only 1,686 (n=0. 6% of the total 267,228 sample). Meanwhile, in the earlier studies conducted by Nasar, Usta and Khalil (2003), among the 189 recorded deliveries, there are only 13 cases complicated by shoulder dystocia. According to Reichman and Simon (2003), cases with complication of shoulder dystocia are usually diagnosed during the actual birth itself unless radiographic imagery reveal inappropriate fetal positioning while still inside the uterine environment (p. 1043). Despite the many efforts of predicting the incidence or occurrence of shoulder dystocia, modern obstetrics are only able to determine the potential risk factors associated to this birth complication. According to Callahan and Caughey (2006), majority of the identified risk factors of shoulder dystocia are related to gestational diabetes itself and the accompanied symptoms (e. g. maternal obesity, macrosomia, etc. ) of the metabolic impairment (p. 79). Other associated risk factors of shoulder dystocia are the number of previous pregnancy, history of shoulder dystocia, overweight status of the mother and during assisted vaginal deliveries (Grady, Howell and Grady et al. 2007 p. 221). Meanwhile, intrapartum labor induction and prolonged second-stage labor are also being proposed as potential risk factors of shoulder dystocia (Simpson and Creehan, 2007 p. 328). Nevertheless, these risk factors are also inaccurate basis for predicting shoulder dystocia; although, many reported cases of shoulder dystocia have manifested at least one of these reported risk components (Reichman and Simon, 2003 p. 1043).